Thursday, April 7, 2011

X Minus One's "Knock"...old time radio offering #13


Wikipedia...

X Minus One was a half-hour science fiction radio drama series broadcast from April 24, 1955 to January 9, 1958 in various timeslots on NBC.

Initially a revival of NBC's Dimension X (1950–51), the first 15 episodes of X Minus One were new versions of Dimension X episodes, but the remainder were adaptations by NBC staff writers, including Ernest Kinoy and George Lefferts, of newly published science fiction stories by leading writers in the field, including Isaac Asimov, Ray Bradbury, Philip K. Dick, Robert A. Heinlein, Frederik Pohl and Theodore Sturgeon, along with some original scripts by Kinoy and Lefferts.

Included in the series were adaptations of Robert Sheckley's "Skulking Permit," Bradbury's "Mars Is Heaven," Heinlein's "Universe" and "The Green Hills of Earth", " Pohl’s "The Tunnel under the World," J. T. McIntosh’s "Hallucination Orbit," Fritz Leiber’s "A Pail of Air" and George Lefferts' "The Parade."

The program opened with announcer Fred Collins delivering the countdown, leading into the following introduction (although later shows were partnered with Galaxy Science Fiction rather than Astounding Science Fiction): (Some would argue the intro countdown should have stopped at X minus one. As it was, the show should have been called: "Fire" with the resolution of the countdown as aired.)

Countdown for blastoff... X minus five, four, three, two, X minus one... Fire! [Rocket launch SFX] From the far horizons of the unknown come transcribed tales of new dimensions in time and space. These are stories of the future; adventures in which you'll live in a million could-be years on a thousand may-be worlds. The National Broadcasting Company in cooperation with Street and Smith, publishers of Astounding Science Fiction presents... X Minus One.

The series was canceled after the 126th broadcast on January 9, 1958. However, the early 1970s brought a wave of nostalgia for old-time radio; a new experimental episode, "The Iron Chancellor" by Robert Silverberg, was created in 1973, but it failed to revive the series. NBC also tried broadcasting the old recordings, but their irregular once-monthly scheduling kept even devoted listeners from following the broadcasts. All episodes of the show survive.

This offering...

"Knock"

Aliens who have no concept of death have wiped out humanity, literally to the last man and woman, whom they put in a zoo as public curiosities. Story by Fredric Brown.

Original radio broadcast

Script...

X Minus 1

"Knock"

May 22nd 1955


SOUND:


HIGH-PITCHED ELECTRONIC HUM

ANNOUNCER:

Countdown for blast-off. X minus five, minus four, minus three, minus two. X minus one. Fire.

SOUND:

ROCKET SHIP BLASTS OFF

MUSIC:

IN BG

ANNOUNCER:

From the far horizons of the unknown come transcribed tales of new dimensions in time and space. These are stories of the future, adventures in which you'll live in a million could-be years on a thousand would-be worlds. The National Broadcasting Company presents -- (HEAVY ECHO) X ... Minus ... One!

MUSIC:

TO A CLIMAX ... THEN OUT

ANNOUNCER:

Tonight, the science fiction classic, "Knock" by Fredric Brown.

MUSIC:

FOR AN INTRODUCTION ... FADES OUT BEHIND--

ANNOUNCER:

Tonight, we have a strange story to tell, a sweet, bloodcurdling little story that is really only two sentences long -- "The last man on Earth sat alone in a room. There was a knock at the door..."

SOUND:

THREE HEAVY KNOCKS AT THE DOOR

WALTER: Hm? What's that?

SOUND:

DOOR SLIDES OPEN AND SHUT ... ZAN'S FOOTSTEPS IN

ZAN:

Good morning, man.

WALTER:

Wha--? Who are you?

ZAN:

You have regained consciousness.

WALTER:

Who are you?

ZAN:

I am Zan.

WALTER:

I'm still asleep; I must be.

ZAN:

You are not asleep.

WALTER:

Maybe if I close my eyes, it'll go away.

ZAN:

I will not go away, man.

WALTER:

No. I guess I'm awake. Who--? What are you?

ZAN:

I am a Zan.

WALTER:

What's that?

ZAN:

A Zan is intelligent life.

WALTER:

Look, I don't-- What happened? Where are you from?

ZAN:

From Planet Seven in the Third Galaxy in the Fourth Quadrant.

WALTER:

Where?!

ZAN:

It is not necessary to repeat information which is correct in the original statement.

WALTER:

Planet Seven? But-- You mean I'm not on Earth?

ZAN:

You are still on your planet.

WALTER:

Then - what are you doing here?

ZAN:

The Zans have annexed your world.

WALTER:

You mean you've conquered Earth?

ZAN:

Yes. That is correct. We will now prepare your planet for habitation by the Zan.

WALTER:

How 'bout the people? What about the - population of the world?

ZAN:

You are the population of the world.

WALTER:

Hmm? Now, wait a minute. I can't-- I don't understand what's happened.

ZAN:

The Zan have landed on your planet. We have removed the lower life forms to prepare for colonization by the Zan.

WALTER:

When did all this happen?

ZAN:

Two days ago. You have been unconscious until now.

WALTER:

You really mean I'm the last man on Earth?

ZAN:

That is correct. Identify yourself now.

WALTER:

What?

ZAN:

Kindly provide data as to your position in the elementary social order of your planet.

WALTER:

Oh, oh. I'm, uh, Walter Phelan, associate professor of anthropology at Nathan University. How do you speak English?

ZAN:

We have deciphered your written and recorded records. It is not difficult to reconstruct your language. It is a primary type of auditory communication.

WALTER:

Oh, oh.

ZAN:

Is there anything you want to complete your natural habitat?

WALTER:

You mean I'm a prisoner?

ZAN:

That is correct. What would you want further in your room?

WALTER:

Do I have to stay here?

ZAN:

Yes.

WALTER:

The rest of my life?

ZAN:

Forever.

WALTER:

Well, you better bring me my books.

ZAN:

That will be done.

WALTER:

That's rather considerate of you. You know, I've got to call you something. Do you mind if I call you George?

ZAN:

It is immaterial. I will be back, Associate Professor of Anthropology.

WALTER:

Oh, that's all right, George. Just call me Walter.

ZAN:

Very well -- Walter.

SOUND:

ZAN'S FOOTSTEPS AWAY

ZAN:

I will be back with your books.

SOUND:

DOOR SLIDES OPEN

WALTER:

All right, George. I'll be seeing you around.

ZAN:

You will not be around, Walter. You will be here.

MUSIC:

BRIDGE

SOUND:

THREE HEAVY KNOCKS AT THE DOOR

WALTER: Come in.

SOUND:

DOOR SLIDES OPEN ... ZAN FOOTSTEPS IN ... DOOR SLIDES SHUT

WALTER:

Hello, George.

ZAN:

Hello, Walter.

WALTER:

Wait a minute. You're not George; you're different somehow.

ZAN:

It makes no difference. The Zan are many and they are one.

WALTER:

Then I'll call you George, too. I'll call you all George. What can I do for ya?

ZAN:

Point one. You will please henceforth sit with your chair facing the other way.

WALTER:

Uh huh, I thought so, George. That plain wall is different on the other side, isn't it?

ZAN:

That is correct. It is transparent.

WALTER:

Yeah, that's what I thought. I'm in a zoo. Right?

ZAN:

That is correct.

WALTER:

How many other animals do you have in the zoo, George?

ZAN:

Two hundred and sixteen.

WALTER: (LAUGHS) Not complete, George. Even a bush league zoo could beat that. Did you just pick at random?

ZAN:

Yes. All species would have been too many. Male and female, each of one hundred eight kinds.

WALTER:

Male and female, huh? Of, uh, all the animals?

ZAN:

There is a female of your species among the collection.

WALTER:

Mm, anyone I know? Uh, well, never mind; it doesn't matter anyway. Well, uh, what do you feed us all, eh?

ZAN:

For carnivorous species we make synthetics. The flora was not hurt by the vibrations which destroyed animal life.

WALTER:

Oh, nice for the flora. Well, George, you started out with "point one." I deduce there is a "point two" kicking around somewhere. What is it?

ZAN:

Something we do not understand.

WALTER:

Oh?

ZAN:

Two of the other animals sleep and do not wake. They are cold.

WALTER:

Don't worry, George. It happens in the best-regulated zoos.

ZAN:

What is wrong with them, Walter?

WALTER:

Nothing much. They're just dead.

ZAN: Dead?

WALTER:

Mm hm.

ZAN:

That means stopped. But nothing stopped them. Each was alone.

WALTER:

Well, maybe they just died of old age.

ZAN:

Old age? I do not understand.

WALTER:

You don't? Well-- How old are you, George?

ZAN:

Your planet went around the sun about seven thousand times since I was born.

WALTER:

Seven thousand years!

ZAN:

Yes. I am still young.

WALTER:

Yeah, a babe in arms. Look, George, you've got something to learn about this planet you've hijacked. Here on Earth, we've got somebody you don't know where you come from. An old man with a beard and an hour-glass and a scythe. Your vibrations didn't kill him.

ZAN:

What is he?

WALTER:

Oh, Old Man Death. Down here, our people and animals live until somebody -- the Grim Reaper -- stops them.

ZAN:

He will stop more?

WALTER:

He gets us all, George. With your life span, it won't seem like a minute and we'll all be gone. (CHUCKLES) Looks like you made a mistake, George. And I don't think there's much you can do about it.

ZAN:

That is not correct. The Zan is a logical being. We will take action!

MUSIC:

BRIDGE

SOUND:

WALTER AND ZAN'S FOOTSTEPS DOWN HALLWAY ... CONTINUES IN BG

WALTER:

Well, George, uh, where're you taking me?

ZAN:

We will be there shortly. We will bring your books and your chair.

WALTER:

You mean my lease is up?

ZAN:

I - I do not understand.

WALTER:

It's moving day?

ZAN:

That is correct.

SOUND:

FOOTSTEPS OUT

ZAN:

We are here now. You will live here now, Walter. It is a larger room.

WALTER:

Well, be it ever so humble, there's no place like home.

SOUND:

DOOR SLIDES OPEN

ZAN:

Go inside.

WALTER:

Oh, be careful with those books, George. Don't lose my-- (BEAT) Oh, uh, excuse me.

GRACE:

Who - who are you?

SOUND:

DOOR SLIDES SHUT

GRACE:

What are you doing here?

WALTER:

I guess George didn't explain. George tries to be polite, but he hasn't quite caught on yet. I'm Walter Phelan.

GRACE:

My name is Grace Evans, Mr. Phelan. What's all this about? Why did they bring me here?

WALTER:

I think I know why but let's go back a bit. Do you know just what has happened otherwise?

GRACE:

No, not exactly.

WALTER:

Well, I've been talking to George--

GRACE:

George?

WALTER:

Oh, that's what I call them. All of them. There's no way to tell 'em apart anyway. There aren't many of 'em here -- yet. They come from outside the solar system. Sort of an advance scouting party.

GRACE:

I saw their spaceship. It's as big as a mountain.

WALTER:

Yeah, they're moving in on us. They cleaned off the Earth with some kind of vibration. It destroys all sorts of animal life. I don't know whether they did it all at once, or if they had to circle the earth a few times, but they killed everybody.

GRACE:

No! I was afraid that--

WALTER:

The cheerful note is that you and I and two-hundred-odd other animals were picked up beforehand as specimens for the zoo. You do know this is a zoo, don't you?

GRACE:

I suspected it. But I don't remember anything about being captured. I just woke up here.

WALTER:

Well, my hunch is they used the vibrations just low enough to knock us all out, and then they cruised around, picking up samples at random. When they were all set, they turned the juice on full blast.

GRACE:

How terrible.

WALTER:

Yeah, well, they solved a lot of problems for us -- housing shortage, wars, even the atomic bomb. I don't suppose the human race -- you and I -- have to worry about anything now.

GRACE:

It's awful.

WALTER:

Only -- they made a mistake. They underestimated us.

GRACE:

I don't understand.

WALTER:

(CHUCKLES) They thought we were immortal.

GRACE:

That we were what?

WALTER:

Immortal -- like they are. Oh, they can be killed - but the Zans don't know what natural death is. They didn't know, anyway, until they lost two of us yesterday.

GRACE:

You mean there are more than two of us?

WALTER:

Oh, not more of our species, no. These were merely fellow animals -- a rabbit and a canary. And by the Zan's way of figuring time, the rest of us are only good for a few minutes apiece. The joke on them -- they figured they had permanent specimens here in the zoo.

GRACE: Well, didn't they even know we'd all die eventually?

WALTER:

I don't think so. George -- that is, the second Zan I saw -- told me he was seven thousand years old, and he's young by their standards. When they learned how quickly we die, they were practically shocked to the core -- if they have cores.

GRACE:

How can you talk that way about it?

WALTER:

Academic detachment. I learned it at faculty teas. At any rate, they've decided to reorganize their zoo -- two by two.

GRACE:

What, are they going to keep us locked up together in this one little room?

WALTER:

Yeah, I'm afraid so. There's plenty of furniture, though, and George promised to bring me my chair.

GRACE:

We've got to do something!

WALTER:

Why?

GRACE:

Well, I don't know. It just - just seems to me we owe it to the human race to do something!

WALTER:

Oh? Well, uh, perhaps you have a suggestion?

GRACE:

There must be some way. They can be killed, you said.

WALTER:

Oh, yes. I've been studying them. They look horribly different, but I think they have about the same metabolic and digestive system as we. I think that anything that would kill one of us would kill one of them.

GRACE:

But you said seven thousand years--

WALTER:

Yeah, I think I figured it out. Now, George cut his, uh -- why, I suppose you'd call it his hand -- when he brought in my books. Started to bleed. Red blood. But I could see the cut closing as he stood there. By the time he left, it was healed.

GRACE:

I don't understand.

WALTER:

You see, whatever factor there is in man that makes him grow old is missing in the Zan. Their regenerative powers must be unlimited. They just don't wear out. They go on and on until they're stopped.

GRACE:

Suppose we killed one. There must be some way.

WALTER:

Oh. What would be the use? They wouldn't even punish us. They'd just give us our food through a trap door and put up a sign saying, "Beware of the Man -- Dangerous."

GRACE:

(DISGUSTED) I don't think they'll even have to bother in your case.

WALTER:

(CHUCKLES)

GRACE:

I don't see anything funny.

WALTER:

I'm sorry, it just reminds me of Martha.

GRACE:

Martha?

WALTER:

My wife. She died two years ago.

GRACE:

I'm - I'm sorry.

WALTER:

Oh, not at all. It was a pleasure.

SOUND:

HEAVY KNOCKS AT THE DOOR

WALTER: Uh, that'll be George with my books. (CALLS) Come in.

SOUND:

DOOR SLIDES OPEN

WALTER:

Hello, George.

ZAN:

Hello, Walter.

SOUND:

DOOR SLIDES SHUT

ZAN:

Point one, I have brought your books.

SOUND:

ZAN FOOTSTEPS IN ... BOOKS DROPPED ON FLOOR

WALTER:

Mm hm. Point one, eh? What else is on your mind?

ZAN:

Another creature sleeps and will not wake.

WALTER:

Oh?

ZAN:

A small feathered one called a duck.

WALTER:

Well, it happens, George. I warned you. Old Man Death. The Grim Reaper. I told you about him.

ZAN:

Walter, the Council of Zan has met. It has been decided logically that -- A. No life form can withstand the full strength vibrations with which we cleared your planet. Therefore, the Grim Reaper you spoke of does not exist.

WALTER:

Mm, pretty neat, George. What's B?

ZAN:

B. The only intelligent life to escape the vibrations is you. Therefore, the logical conclusion is you are stopping these animals by some means unknown to us.

WALTER:

George, you are off your trolley.

ZAN:

You will tell me now how this is done.

WALTER:

You've got me.

ZAN:

Yes. We have. It is necessary to save the remaining specimens as long as possible. If we do not get the information, we may be forced to dispense with your species entirely. This means you, Walter. And the female.

WALTER:

Now, hold on, George. Don't go off half-cocked. Uh, let me take a look at these animals that won't wake up.

ZAN:

I will take you there now. Go first, Walter.

SOUND:

FOOTSTEPS TO DOOR WHICH SLIDES OPEN

WALTER:

After you, my dear George.

MUSIC:

BRIDGE

SOUND:

WALTER AND ZAN'S FOOTSTEPS AS THEY PASS CAGES ... IN BG

ZAN:

This is the weasel.

WALTER:

Well, you should have got him in the winter, George. The fur's worth more then. It's ermine.

ZAN:

This is the reptile cage.

WALTER:

Mm hm.

ZAN:

Here are the ducks.

SOUND:

DUCK QUACKS IN BG ... FOOTSTEPS OUT

ZAN:

That is the male. The female has been stopped.

WALTER:

Lucky girl. (TO DUCK, SYMPATHETIC) What's the matter, fella? Lonely? Hm?

ZAN:

Walter? You will tell me how you stopped the female duck.

WALTER:

You've got me, George. I didn't do it. Maybe she died of the Dutch Elm blight.

ZAN:

Walter, you are not being logical. We have concluded you are stopping these animals. Tell us now how it is done.

WALTER:

I've told you, George. I haven't the foggiest notion.

ZAN:

Very well. We will have to take further action.

WALTER:

Oh? What are you going to do, George?

ZAN:

We will go back now to your room.

MUSIC:

BRIDGE

GRACE:

(WORRIED) What happened, Mr. Phelan?

WALTER:

Uh, you might call me Walter. After all, George does. And we have more in common.

GRACE:

Please! What happened?

WALTER:

Oh, just a duck. A dead duck. George thinks I killed it by remote control. He wants me to tell him how.

GRACE:

Did you?

WALTER:

Look, I'm just an ordinary anthropologist. There's no telling what those animals died of. Just natural causes. But George can't see it that way. He thinks I'm holding out on him.

GRACE:

Good!

WALTER:

Hm? What?

GRACE:

At least we can get back at them some way. At least we can do something to them.

WALTER:

Well, why? After all, George isn't a bad fellow -- if you like an ant mentality.

GRACE:

How can you say that?! Why, they murdered the whole human race!

WALTER:

I suppose so -- but, uh, we can't change that now. So why think about it?

GRACE:

We just can't sit here and do nothing.

WALTER:

I fail to see how we can do anything else.

GRACE:

Well, at least we could be fighting.

WALTER:

I can't see the virtue in that. I was more or less content with my books and-- We've got George to talk to.

GRACE:

(DISGUSTED) Of all the men in the world they had to pick--! Don't you want to fight back? Don't you want to keep on fighting to the end?

WALTER:

It hadn't occurred to me.

GRACE:

But we've got to, Walter!

WALTER:

Why?

GRACE:

I can't really explain it. But, Walter, if there was any good in man, it was that he kept on struggling against nature and, in the end, even against himself. He kept on fighting for what he thought was right. And we're all that's left. Walter, we - we just can't end by giving up. We've got to keep on fighting.

WALTER:

(CHUCKLES) You know, you do remind me of Martha.

GRACE:

There isn't much left for us. We could beat them in this one small thing. We can pretend there's a secret about death. We could refuse to tell them anything.

WALTER:

Well, there isn't anything to tell.

GRACE:

But they don't know that! Promise me you won't give in.

WALTER:

Well, I suppose the worst they can do is kill us. All right, Miss Evans.

SOUND:

THREE HEAVY KNOCKS AT THE DOOR ... DOOR SLIDES OPEN ... ZAN FOOTSTEPS IN

WALTER:

Hello, George.

ZAN:

Hello, Walter.

SOUND:

DOOR SLIDES SHUT

ZAN:

Now you will tell us how these animals are stopped.

WALTER:

George, this may come as a shock to you but I've decided not to tell you.

ZAN:

Why?

WALTER:

Oh, a romantic attachment to lost causes. My grandfather was a Confederate officer.

ZAN:

Walter, you are not being logical.

WALTER:

Neither was my grandfather. He charged a Yankee battery with one round of ammunition and a corncob pipe.

ZAN:

You are not logical. But that is expected in lower life forms. You will come with me now, Walter.

GRACE:

Where are you taking him?

ZAN:

To the second level. Go now, Walter.

GRACE:

(TO WALTER) You won't tell them.

WALTER:

I can't guarantee anything but, as of now, I don't intend to.

GRACE:

We've got to fight, Walter. Remember that. We've got to go out fighting.

WALTER:

Yes. Yes, I think you're right.

SOUND:

FOOTSTEPS TO DOOR WHICH SLIDES OPEN

ZAN:

Go now, Walter.

GRACE:

Goodbye.

WALTER:

It's been a pleasure, Miss Evans.

ZAN:

I am waiting. Go now, Walter.

WALTER:

After you, my dear George.

MUSIC:

BRIDGE

SOUND:

EAR-SPLITTING DRONE ... FOR TORTURE ... THEN IN BG

ZAN:

You will tell us now, Walter.

WALTER:

(GROANS IN PAIN FOR A FEW MOMENTS)

SOUND:

EAR-SPLITTING DRONE OUT

WALTER:

(GASPS FOR BREATH ... CONTINUES IN BG)

ZAN:

That was the first level of vibrations. There are many more. However, we have calculated that none of them exceed your threshold of unconsciousness.

WALTER:

Very clever, George.

ZAN:

Of course. You will tell us now -- how do you stop these animals? You will tell us now.

WALTER:

As of now, no. However, I'm not very brave, if that encourages you, George.

ZAN:

You are not being logical, Walter.

WALTER:

You're telling me.

ZAN:

We will now use Vibration Level Two.

SOUND:

CLICK! OF SWITCH ... HIGH-PITCHED DRONE ... THEN IN BG

WALTER:

(GROANS IN PAIN FOR A FEW MOMENTS)

SOUND:

HIGH-PITCHED DRONE OUT

ZAN:

Walter? Walter, you are still conscious?

WALTER:

Let me alone, George.

ZAN:

You will tell us now. You will tell us now how you stop the animals.

WALTER:

Let me alone. Let me alone.

ZAN:

We have had Vibration Levels One and Two. There are still fifteen more before your threshold of unconsciousness.

WALTER:

No, no, no. Let me alone.

ZAN:

Walter, listen to me. Another creature sleeps and will not wake. We must know now!

WALTER:

You better start vibrating again, George.

ZAN:

No.

WALTER:

(BEAT) What?

ZAN:

It would not be logical. We have calculated that no further level of vibration will overcome your irrational psychological block. We conclude you will not tell.

WALTER:

You'll let me go?

ZAN:

That is correct.

WALTER:

(UNCERTAIN) Hmm. That's, uh, real nice of you, George. I appreciate it.

ZAN:

We have calculated that the resistance of the female of your species will be lower. We will now place her under the vibrations.

WALTER:

No, no, George. George, you can't do that. Now, listen, George. George, there is no secret. Can you understand that? There is no secret. Those animals died from natural causes. I'm telling you the truth.

ZAN:

That is not a logical answer. We will get the woman.

WALTER:

I've told you the truth! Can't you understand?

ZAN:

We must know now. The female animal caged next to the duck has been stopped. We must preserve the survivor.

WALTER:

The animal--? The animal next to the duck?

ZAN:

We will bring the woman here. She will tell us after the vibrations.

WALTER:

No, no, no. Listen, George. You want the truth? You want to know how to save the mates of the animals that have been stopped?

ZAN:

You will tell us now?

WALTER:

Yes, yes. I'll tell you now. I give up. But you've got to promise to leave the woman alone. You promise, George?

ZAN:

If we receive the answer from you, Walter, there will be no further need for the vibrations.

WALTER:

Well, I guess that'll have to do. All right.

MUSIC:

SNEAKS IN

WALTER:

All right, take me to that stopped animal. I'll tell you how to save the mate.

ZAN:

Very well, Walter. You are being logical now. We will go.

MUSIC:

UP FOR BRIDGE

SOUND:

DOOR SLIDES SHUT ... WALTER'S FOOTSTEPS IN, BEHIND--

GRACE:

Walter, are you all right?

WALTER:

Just - let me catch my breath a minute.

GRACE:

What did they do? What happened?

WALTER:

After a while, I told them what they wanted to know.

GRACE:

Oh, no!

WALTER:

As George pointed out, it seemed to be the logical thing at the time.

GRACE:

But you promised!

WALTER:

I know.

GRACE:

(DISAPPOINTED) It was our last chance to beat them on even one little thing.

WALTER:

Perhaps. You mind if I sit down?

GRACE:

(ACCUSING) You gave up.

WALTER:

I suppose you could call it that. I'm very tired.

GRACE:

They've beaten us completely then. There isn't even anything we can do. The last of the human race and we give up! We don't even die fighting.

WALTER:

Oh, it isn't that bad. (YAWNS) Something might turn up, Martha.

GRACE:

What did you call me?

WALTER:

Huh? Oh, I must have said "Martha." Sorry. She was my wife. She died two years ago. What were you saying?

GRACE:

(BITTER) Nothing. Nothing. It doesn't matter. It's too late. It's too late for the whole human race.

SOUND:

THREE HEAVY KNOCKS AT THE DOOR ... DOOR SLIDES OPEN ... ZAN FOOTSTEPS IN

WALTER:

What now, George?

ZAN:

The Council of the Zan has met.

SOUND:

DOOR SLIDES SHUT

WALTER:

Oh? Something wrong, George?

ZAN:

A Zan has been stopped.

GRACE:

What?

WALTER:

A Zan is dead?

ZAN:

That is correct.

WALTER:

Well, you didn't believe me, George. But you can die. You can really die. You'll have to get used to that, if you're going to stay here.

ZAN:

The council has decided. A. You have in some way stopped this Zan. B. You and the woman must be eliminated.

GRACE:

Walter?!

WALTER:

No, no, you've got it wrong, George.

ZAN:

The council has decided. This time you will have the full vibration.

GRACE:

This time? Walter, what did they do to you?

WALTER:

Oh, they, uh, they have a rather effective third degree.

GRACE:

They tortured you, Walter?

WALTER:

Yes.

GRACE:

And I - I thought-- Oh, Walter, it was all my fault.

WALTER:

I wouldn't have even tried without you. I suppose we have a last chance now to - to end with some dignity.

GRACE:

I think you're a very brave man, Walter.

WALTER:

No, not very. There isn't much else to do. Do we go now, George?

ZAN:

Now, Walter.

SOUND:

VERY HIGH-PITCHED COMMUNICATION SIGNAL

ZAN:

Wait.

WALTER:

Hm? What's that?

ZAN:

I have been told another Zan has died!

WALTER:

Now - now will you believe me?

ZAN:

The Council of the Zan meets now!

WALTER:

Two gone already, and you were with me, George. You know I didn't kill this one.

ZAN:

What stopped him then?

WALTER:

I told you! It's Old Man Death! You came to the wrong planet, George. Your immortality doesn't go down here. He can stop you but you can't stop him. And you'll all die if you stick around.

SOUND:

VERY HIGH-PITCHED COMMUNICATION SIGNAL

WALTER:

What now?

ZAN:

The council has decided. This is a place of death. We will leave your planet.

WALTER:

Leave? You mean you're giving up?

ZAN:

It is not safe for the Zan.

GRACE:

Oh, Walter, they're leaving! They're really going.

WALTER: Go on, then, George. And, uh-- Don't hurry back.

ZAN:

It would not be logical to do so. We are leaving the Earth now. Goodbye, Walter.

SOUND:

ZAN FOOTSTEPS TO DOOR WHICH SLIDES OPEN

WALTER:

Goodbye, George.

MUSIC:

BRIDGE

SOUND:

WIND HOWLS ... CONTINUES IN BG

WALTER:

Well, they're all aboard now.

GRACE:

So wonderful to feel the sun and the wind again.

WALTER:

Yeah, they've closed the hatches.

GRACE:

Walter, is it safe for us to be out here?

WALTER:

Yes, they're not interested in us any longer. They only want to get away. And I want to see this, Grace -- the Zan leaving Earth, forever.

SOUND:

DISTANT TAKE-OFF OF SPACESHIP BEGINS ... CONTINUES IN BG

WALTER:

They're blasting off.

SOUND:

SPACESHIP FLIES AWAY ... FADES OUT BEHIND--

GRACE:

There they go!

WALTER:

Yes, it's all over now. (BEAT) Well, I suppose we might as well go back in.

SOUND:

GRACE AND WALTER'S FOOTSTEPS .. CONTINUES IN BG

GRACE:

I - I still don't understand. Walter, what made them go?

WALTER:

(CHUCKLES) I just - I just told them the facts of life.

GRACE:

Of death, you mean.

WALTER:

No, no. Of life. After all, I thought George was old enough to know. At seven thousand years, he was getting to be a pretty big boy.

GRACE:

I wish you'd stop joking and tell me what happened.

SOUND:

DOOR OPENS ... FOOTSTEPS CONTINUE INDOORS ... WIND OUT WITH DOOR CLOSING BEHIND--

WALTER:

Look out for the step. Well, you remember when the first animals died?

GRACE:

The rabbit and the duck?

WALTER:

Yeah. And their mates just started to pine and waste away?

GRACE:

Yes?

WALTER:

Well, that worried the Zan. They wanted to keep the last specimens alive if they could, so finally I broke down and told them about -- affection.

GRACE:

Affection?

WALTER:

Yes. And then I introduced Donald.

GRACE:

Donald? Who's that?

SOUND:

DUCK QUACKS

WALTER:

Here we are. Grace, meet Donald.

SOUND:

FOOTSTEPS OUT BEHIND--

GRACE:

Walter, please! What does affection have to do with it?

WALTER:

That's what the Zan wanted to know. I told them it was love that made the world go round. That, having lost his mate, Donald would die immediately unless he had affection and constant petting.

GRACE:

Petting?

WALTER:

Mm hm.

SOUND:

CAGE DOOR UNLOCKED AND OPENED

WALTER:

(CHUCKLES) I even showed 'em how. (TO DUCK) Here, fella, come on. Come here.

SOUND:

DUCK QUACKS

WALTER:

I held Donald in my arms, and I petted him awhile. And then I let the Zan take over with the animal in the next cage.

GRACE:

What animal?

WALTER:

Take a look.

GRACE:

You mean this cage?

WALTER:

Mm hm.

SOUND:

RATTLE

WALTER:

Watch out. Don't go too close.

GRACE:

Walter! It's a rattlesnake!

WALTER:

Ye-e-es. Their metabolism made it impossible for them to die of old age but I had a hunch that they could be poisoned.

GRACE:

(REALIZES) Then it was the snake that killed the two Zan.

WALTER:

Mm hm. They never even knew what bit 'em.

GRACE:

Then, you outwitted them, Walter!

WALTER:

Well, I - I suppose--

GRACE:

I thought you'd just given up! Oh, Walter, I'm so ashamed.

WALTER:

You don't have to be. I had given up. I probably wouldn't have fought if you hadn't pushed me.

GRACE:

(AWKWARD PAUSE) Well, I--

WALTER:

Well, we've got a world to plan. A new world, Grace.

GRACE:

I know.

WALTER:

We'll have to decide which animals to let out of the zoo, and which ones it'd be safer to keep in. But, first, there's a bigger problem.

GRACE:

What's that?

WALTER:

The human race.

GRACE:

Oh.

WALTER:

We've got to make a decision about that. Pretty important one.

GRACE:

Y-yes, but--

WALTER:

It's been a nice race, even if nobody won it. Of course, it may go backward for a while until it gets its breath, but we can save the books and all the most important things, and get it started ahead once more.

GRACE:

No!

WALTER:

It's the Garden of Eden all over again. Ah, but, Eve -- you'll have to watch out for that snake.

GRACE:

Now, don't! Don't be ridiculous, Walter!

WALTER:

You know-- Funny, you even blush like Martha. Only, uh, you're stronger than she was. Prettier, too.

GRACE:

I - I wish you'd forget about Martha.

WALTER:

I think I will, my dear -- if you'll give me time.

GRACE:

Now, Walter Phelan, you listen to me! If you think for one minute that I-- That we could--

WALTER:

I thought it would never happen to me again. But it is love that makes the world go round. So, Grace, if you could only--

GRACE:

No! I wouldn't marry you if - if you were the last man on Earth!

WALTER:

Well, that's exactly what I am!

GRACE:

I don't care! I don't even want to talk about it!

SOUND:

GRACE'S FOOTSTEPS START AWAY

GRACE:

I'm going out!

WALTER:

(CALLS, FROM OFF) All right, my dear, but think it over. And please come back!

SOUND:

DOOR SLAMS SHUT

MUSIC:

BRIEF WHIMSICAL BRIDGE

SOUND:

GRACE'S FOOTSTEPS HESITATE THEN RETURN TO DOOR, BEHIND--

ANNOUNCER:

You see? I told you. It wasn't really so horrible, our story. Remember how it goes? "The last man on Earth sat alone in a room. And then, there was a knock on the door..."

SOUND: GRACE KNOCKS ON DOOR

WALTER:

(OFF) Come in.

SOUND:

DOOR SLIDES OPEN ... GRACE'S FOOTSTEPS TO WALTER

WALTER:

(GROWING CLOSER, LOVINGLY) Come in, Grace. My dear.

MUSIC:

WHIMSICAL ... THEN IN BG

ANNOUNCER:

You see? It wasn't horrible at all.

MUSIC:

TO A WHIMSICAL FINISH

ANNOUNCER:

In just a moment, a word about next week's adventure.

MUSIC:

CLOSING THEME ... THEN IN BG

ANNOUNCER:

Tonight, by transcription, "X Minus One" has brought you "Knock" by Fredric Brown, adapted for radio by Ernest Kinoy. Featured in the cast were Alex Scourby as Walter, Lori March as Grace, and Luis Van Rooten as the Zan. "X Minus One" was directed by Fred Weihe and is an NBC Radio Network production.

MUSIC:

TO A FINISH

ANNOUNCER:

And now-- Next week.

SOUND:

HIGH-PITCHED ELECTRONIC HUM ... THEN IN BG

ANNOUNCER:

A strange and chilling story from the Bureau of Missing Persons. The story of what occurred when they accidentally intercepted a short wave message, a cry for help, from a missing atomic scientist who told them the fantastic story that he was now -- "The Man in the Moon." How did it happen? You'll hear next week at--

SOUND:

HIGH-PITCHED ELECTRONIC HUM OUT

ANNOUNCER:

(HEAVY ECHO) X ... Minus ... One!

NBC ANNCR:

(AFTER A PAUSE) Join "The Abbotts" on another baffling mystery tonight over most NBC Radio stations.

MUSIC:

NBC CHIMES ... THEN OUT

BONUS...The story as it appeared in the December 1948 issue of Thrilling Wonder Stories...

"Knock"

by

Frederic Brown

There is a sweet little horror story that is only two sentences long: "The last man on Earth sat alone in a room There was a knock on the door..."

Two sentences and an ellipsis of three dots. The horror, of course, isn't in the two sentences at all; it's in the ellipsis, the implication: what knocked at the door? Faced with the unknown, the human mind supplies something vaguely horrible.

But it wasn't horrible, really.

The last man on Earth - or in the universe, for that matter - sat alone in a room. It was a rather peculiar room. He'd just noticed how peculiar it was and he'd been studying out the reason for its peculiarity.

His conclusions didn't horrify him, but it annoyed him.

Walter Phelan, who had been associate professor of anthropology at Nathan University up until the time two days ago when Nathan University had ceased to exist, was not a man who horrifled easily. Not that Walter Phelan was a heroic figure, by any wild stretch of the imagination. He was slight of stature and mild of disposition. He wasn't much to look at, and he knew it.

Not that his appearance worried him now. Right now, in fact, there wasn't much feeling in him. Abstractedly, he knew that two days ago, within the space of an hour, the human race had been destroyed, except for him and, somewhere, a woman - one woman. And that was a fact which didn't concern Walter Phelan in the slightest degree. He'd probably never see her and didn't care too much if he didn't.

Women just hadn't been a factor in Walter's life since Martha had died a year and a half ago. Not that Martha hadn't been a good wife - albeit a bit on the bossy side. Yes, he'd loved Martha, in a deep, quiet way. He was only forty now, and he'd been only thirty-eight when Martha had died, but - well - he just hadn't thought about women since then. His
life had been his books, the ones he read and the ones he wrote. Now there wasn't any point in writing books, but he had the rest of his life to spend in reading them.

True, company would be nice, but he'd get along without it. Maybe after a while, he'd get so he'd enjoy the occasional company of one of the Zan, although that was a bit difficult to imagine. Their thinking was so alien to his that there seemed no common ground for discussion, intelligent though they were, in a way.

An ant is intelligent, in a way, but no man ever established communication with an ant. He thought of the Zan, somehow, as super-ants, although they didn't look like ants, and he had a hunch that the Zan regarded the human race as the human race had regarded ordinary ants.

Certainly what they'd done to Earth had been what men did to ant hills-and
it had been done much more efficiently.

But they had given him plenty of books. They'd been nice about that, as soon as he had told them what he wanted, and he had told them that the moment he had learned that he was destined to spend the rest of his life alone in this room. The rest of his life, or as the Zan had quaintly expressed it, forev-er. Even a brilliant mind - and the Zan obviously had
brilliant minds - has its idiosyncracies. The Zan had learned to speak Terrestrial English in a manner of hours but they persisted in separating syllables. But we disgress.

There was a knock on the door.

You've got it all now, except the three dots, the ellipsis, and I'm going to fill that in and show you that it wasn't horrible at all.

Walter Phelan called out, "Come in," and the door opened. It was of course, only a Zan. It looked exactly like the other Zan; if there was any way of telling one of them from another, Walter hadn't found it. It was about four feet tall and it looked like nothing on earth - nothing, that is, that had been on Earth until the Zan came there.

Walter said, "Hello, George." When he'd learned that none of them had names he decided to call them all George, and the Zan didn't seem to mind.

This one said, "Hel-lo, Wal-ter." That was ritual; the knock on the door and the greetings.

Walter waited.

"Point one," said the Zan "You will please hence-forth sit with your chair turned the other way."

Walter said, "I thought so, George. That plain wall is transparent from the other side, isn't it?"

"It is trans-par-ent."

"Just what I thought I'm in a zoo Right?"

"That is right."

Walter sighed. "I knew it. That plain, blank wall, without a single piece of furniture against it. And made of something different from the other walls. If I persist in sitting with my back to it, what then? You will kill me? - I ask hopefully."

"We will take a-way your books."

"You've got me there George. All right I'll face the other way when I sit and read. How many other animals besides me are in this zoo of yours?"

"Two hun-dred and six-teen."

Walter shook his head. "Not complete, George. Even a bush league zoo can beat that - could beat that, I mean, if there were any bush league zoos left. Did you just pick at random?"

"Ran-dom sam-ples yes All spe-cies would have been too man-y. Male and female each of one hun-dred and eight kinds," "What do you feed them? The carnivorous ones, I mean."

"We make food Syn-thet-ic."

"Smart," said Walter. "And the flora? You got a collection of that,
too?"

"Flo-ra was not hurt by vi-bra-tions. It is all still grow-ing."

"Nice for the flora," said Walter. "You weren't as hard on it, then, as you were on the fauna, Well, George, you started out with 'point one.' I deduced there is a point two kicking around somewhere. What is it?"

"Some-thing we do not un-der-stand. Two of the oth-er a-nimals sleep and do not wake? They are cold."

"It happens in the best regulated zoos, George," Walter Phelan said.

"Probably not a thing wrong with them except that they're dead."

"Dead? That means stopped. But nothing stopped them. Each was a-lone."

Walter stared at the Zan. "Do you mean, George, you don't know what
natural death is?"

"Death is when a be-ing is killed, stopped from liv-ing."

Walter Phelan blinked. "How old are you, George?" he asked.

"Six-teen-you would not know the word. Your pla-net went a-round your
sun a-bout sev-en thou-sand times, I am still young."

Walter whistled softly. "A babe in arms," he said. He thought hard a moment. "Look, George," he said, "you've got something to learn about this planet you're on. There's a guy here who doesn't hang around where you come from. An old man with a beard and a scythe and an hour-glass. Your vibrations didn't kill him."

"What is he?"

"Call him the Grim Reaper, George. Old Man Death. Our people and animals live until somebody - Old Man Deathstops them ticking."

"He stopped the two crea-tures? He will stop more?"

Walter opened his mouth to answer, and then closed it again.

Something in the Zan's voice indicated that there would be a worried frown on his face, if he had had a face recognizable as such.

"How about taking me to these animals who won't wake up?" Walter asked. "Is that against the rules?"

"Come," said the Zan.

That had been the afternoon of the second day. It was the next morning that the Zan came back, several of them. They began to move Walter Phelan's books and furniture. When they'd finished that, they moved him.

He found himself in a much larger room a hundred yards away.

He sat and waited and this time, too, when there was a knock on the door, he knew what was coming and politely stood up. A Zan opened the door and stood aside. A woman entered.

Walter bowed shghtly, "Walter Phelan," he said, "in case George didn't tell you my name. George tries to be polite, but he doesn't know all of our ways."

The woman seemed calm; he was glad to notice that. She said, "My name is Grace Evans, Mr. Phelan. What's this all about? Why did they bring me here?"

Walter was studying her as she talked. She was tall, fully as tall as he, and well-proportioned. She looked to be somewhere in her early thirties, about the age Martha had been. She had the same calm confidence about her that be'd always liked about Martha, even though it had contrasted with his own easy-going informality. In fact, he thought she looked quite a bit like Martha.

"I think I know why they brought you here but let's go back a bit," he said. "Do you know just what has happened otherwise?"

"You mean that they've - killed everyone?"

"Yes. Please sit down. You know how they accomplished it?" She sank into a comfortable chair nearby. "No," she said, "I don't know just how.

Not that it matters does it?"

"Not a lot. But here's the story - what I know of it from getting one of them to talk, and from piecing things together. There isn't a great number of them - here, anyway. I don't know how numerous a race they are where they came from and I don't know where that is, but I'd guess it's outside the Solar System. You've seen the space ship they came in?"

"Yes It's as big as a mountain."

"Almost. Well it has equipment for emitting some sort of a vibration - they call it that, in our language, but I imagine it's more like a radio wave than a sound vibration - that destroys all animal life. It - the ship itself - is insulated against the vibration. I don't know whether its
range is big enough to kill off the whole planet at once, or whether they flew in circles around the earth, sending out the vibratory waves. But it killed everybody and everything instantly and, I hope, painlessly. The only reason we, and the other two-hundredodd animals in this zoo, weren't killed was because we were inside the ship. We'd been picked up as specimens. You do know this is a zoo, don't you?"

"I - I suspected it."

"The front walls are transparenl from the outside The Zan were pretty clever at fixing up the inside of each cubicle to match the natural habitat of the creature it contains. These cubicles, such as the one we're in, are of plastic, and they've got a machine that makes one in about ten minutes, If Earth had had a machine and a process like that, there
wouldn't have been any housing shortage. Well, there isn't any housing shortage now, anyway. And I imagine that the human race - specifically you and I - can stop worrying about the A-bomb and the next war.The Zan certainly solved a lot of prohlems for us."
Grace Evans smiled faintly. "Another case where the operation was successful, but the patient died. Things were in an awful mess. Do you remember being captured? I don't. I went to sleep one night and woke up in a cage on the space ship."

"I don't remember either " Walter said. "My hunch is that they used the vibratory waves at low intensity first, just enough to knock us all out. Then they cruised around, picking up samples more or less at random for their zoo. After they had as many as they wanted, or as many as they had space in the ship to hold, they turned on the juice all the way. And
that was that. It wasn't until yesterday they knew they'd made a mistake and had underestimated us. They thought we were immortal, as they are."

"That we were - what?"

"They can be killed but they don't know what natural death is. They didn't anyway, until yesterday. Two of us died yesterday."

"Two of - Oh!"

"Yes, two of us animals in their zoo. One was a snake and one was a duck. Two species gone irrevocably. And by the Zan's way of figuring time, the remaining member of each species is going to live only a few minutes, anyway. They figured they had permanent specimens."

"You mean they didn't realize what short-lived creatures we are?"

"That's right," Walter said. "One of them is young at seven thousand years, he told me. They're bi-sexual themselves, incidentally, but they probably breed once every ten thousand years or thereabouts. When they learned yesterday how ridiculously short a life expectancy we terrestrial animals have, they were probably shocked to the core - if they have cores.

At any rate they decided to reorganize their zoo - two by two instead of one by one. They figure we'll last longer collectively if not individually."

"Oh!" Grace Evans stood up and there was a taint flush on her face.

"If you think - If they think -" She turned toward the door.

"It'll be locked," Walter Phelan said calmly "But don't worry. Maybe they think, but I don't think. You needn't even tell me you wouldn't have me if I was the last man on Earth; it would be corny under the circumstances."

"But are they going to keep us locked up together in this one little room?"

"It isn't so little; we'll get by.I can sleep quite comfortably in one of these overstuffed chairs. And don't think I don't agree with you perfectly, my dear. All personal considerations aside, the least favor we can do the human race is to let it end with us and not he perpetuated for exhibition in a zoo."

She said "Thank you," almost inaudibly, and the flush receded from her checks. There was anger in her eyes, but Walter knew that is wasn't anger at him. With her eyes sparkling like that, she looked a lot like Martha, he thought.

He smiled at her and said, "Otherwise -'

She started out of her chair, and for an instant he thought she was going to come over and slap him.Then she sank back wearily. "If you were a man, you'd be thinking of some way to - They can be killed, you said?" Her voice was bitter.

"The Zan? Oh, certainly. I've been studying them. They look horribly different from us, but I think they have about the same metabolism we have, the same type of circulatory system, and probably the same type of digestive system. I think that anything that would kill one of us would kill one of them."

"But you said -"

"Oh, there are differences, of course. Whatever factor it is in man that ages him, they don't have. Or else they have some gland that man doesn't have, something that renews cells."

She had forgolten her anger now. She leaned forward eagerly. She said, "I think that's right. And I don't think they feel pain."

"I was hoping that. But what makes you think so, my dear?"

"I stretched a piece of wire that I found in the desk of my cubicle across the door so my Zan would fall over it. He did, and the wire cut his leg."

"Did he bleed red?"

"Yes but it didn't seem to annoy him. He didn't get mad about it; didn't even mention it. When he came back the next time, a few hours later, the cut was one. Well, almost gone. I could see just enough of a trace of it to be sure it was the same Zan."

Walter Phelan nodded slowly.

"He wouldn't get angry, of course," he said. "They're emotionless.

Maybe, if we killed one, they wouldn t even punish us. But it wouldn't do any good. They'd just give us our food through a trap door and treat us as men would have treated a zoo animal that had killed a keeper. They'd just see that he didn't have a crack at any more keepers.

"How many of them are there?" she asked.

"About two hundred, I think, in this particular space ship. But undoubtedly there are many more where they came from. I have a hunch this is just an advance guard, sent to clear off this planet and make it safe for Zan occupancy," "They did a good-"

There was a knock at the door, and Walter Phelan called out, "Come
in."

A Zan stood in the doorway.

"Hello George," said Walter.

"Hel-lo Wal-ter," said the Zan.

It may or may not have been the same Zan, but it was always the same
ritual.

"What's on your mind?" Walter asked.

"An-oth-er crea-ture sleeps and will not wake.A small fur-ry one called a wea-sel."
Walter shrugged.

"It happens, George. Old Man Death. I told you about him."

"And worse. A Zan has died. This morning."

"Is that worse?" Walter looked at him blandly. "Well, George, you'll have to get used to it, if you're going to stay around here."

The Zan said nothing. It stood there.

Finally Walter said, "Well?"

"A-bout wea-sel You ad-vise same?"

Walter shrugged again. "Probably won't do any good. But sure, why not?"

The Zan left.

Walter could hear his footsteps dying away outside. He grinned. "It might work, Martha," he said.

"Mar - My name is Grace, Mr Phelan. What might work?"

"My name is Walter, Grace. You might as well get used to it. You know, Grace, you do remind me a lot of Martha. She was my wife.She died a couple of years ago."

"I'm sorry," said Grace "But what might work? What were you talking about to the Zan?"

"We'll know tomorrow," Walter said. And she couldn't get another word out of him.

That was the fourth day of the stay of the Zan.

The next was the last.

It was nearly noon when one of the Zan came. After the ritual, he stood in the doorway, looking more alien than ever. It would be interesting to describe him for you, but there aren't words.

He said, "We go. Our coun-cil met and de-cid-ed," "Another of you died?"

"Last night This is pla-net of death " Walter nodded. "You did your share. You're leaving two hundred and thirteen creatures alive, out of quite a few billion. Don't hurry back."
"Is there an-y-thing we can do?"

"Yes. You can hurry. And you can leave our door unlocked, but not the
others. We'll take care of the others."

Something clicked on the door; the Zan left.

Grace Evans was standing, her eyes shining.

She asked, "What -? How -?"

"Wait," cautioned Walter. "Let's hear them blast off. It's a sound I want to remember."

The sound caiue within minutes, and Walter Phelan, realizing how rigidly he'd been holding himself, relaxed in his chair.

"There was a snake in the Garden of Eden, too, Grace, and it got us in trouble," he said musingly. "But this one made up for it. I mean the mate of the snake that died day before yesterday. It was a rattlesnake."

"You mean it killed the two Zan who died? But -"

Walter nodded, "They were babes in the woods here. When they took me to look at the first creatures who 'were asleep and wouldn't wake up,' and I saw that one of them was a rattler, I had an idea, Grace. Just maybe, I thought, poison creatures were a development peculiar to Earth and the Zan wouldn't know about them. And, too, maybe their metabolism was enough like ours so that the poison would kill them. Anyway, I had nothing to lose trying. And both maybes turned out to be right."

"How did you get the snake to -"

Walter Phelan grinned. He said, "I told them what affection was. They didn't know. They were interested, I found, in preserving the remaining one of each species as long as possible, to study the picture and record it before it died. I told them it would die immediately because of the loss of its mate, unless it had affection and petting - constantly. I showed them how with the duck. Luckily it was a tame one, and I held it
against my chest and petted it a while to show them. Then I let them take
over with it - and the rattlesnake."

He stood up and stretched, and then sat down again more comfortably.

"Well, we've got a world to plan," he said. "We'll have to let the animals out of the ark, and that will take some thinking and deciding. The herbivorous wild ones we can let go right away. The domestic ones, we'll do better to keep and take charge of; we'll need them. But the carnovora - Well, we'll have to decide. But I'm afraid it's got to be thumbs down."

He looked at her. "And the human race. We've got to make a decision about that. A pretty important one."

Her face was getting a little pink again, as it had yesterday; she sat rigidly in her chair.

"No!" she said.

He didn't seem to have heard her. "It's been a nice race, even if nobody won it," he said.

"It'll be starting over again now, and it may go backward for a while until it gets its breath, but we can gather books for it and keep most of its knowledge intact, the important things anyway. We can -"

He broke off as she got up and started for the door. Just the way his Martha would have acted, he thought, back in the days when he was courting her, before they were married.
He said, "Think it over, my dear, and take your time. But come back."

The door slammed. He sat waiting, thinking out all the things there were to do, once he started, but iis no hurry to start them; and after a while he heard her hesitant footsteps coming back.

He smiled a little. See? lt wasn't horrible, really.

The last man on Earth sat alone in a room. There was a knock on the door...


X Minus One's "How 2"...old time radio offering #1

X Minus One's "Student Body"...old time radio offering #2

X Minus One's "A Gun for Dinosaur"...old time radio offering #3

X Minus One's "Tunnel Under the World"...old time radio offering #4

X Minus One's "Junkyard"...old time radio offering #5

X Minus One's "Marionettes, Inc."...old time radio offering #6

X Minus One's "Skulking Permit"...old time radio offering #7

X Minus One's "Something for Nothing"...old time radio offering #8

X Minus One's "Project Mastodon"...old time radio offering #9

X Minus One's "The Veldt"...old time radio offering #10

X Minus One's "The Coffin Cure"...old time radio offering #11

X Minus One's "The Defenders"...old time radio offering #12

Wednesday, April 6, 2011

Deceased--Edwin Gaustad

Edwin Gaustad
November 14th, 1923 to March 25th, 2011

"Edwin Gaustad dies at 87; scholar of American religion"

Longtime UC Riverside professor Edwin Gaustad was an authority on the history of religion in the United States, having published several seminal books on the subject.

by

Valerie J. Nelson

April 5th, 2011

Los Angeles Times

Edwin Gaustad, a retired UC Riverside history and religious studies professor who was a preeminent scholar on the separation of church and state, and who did groundbreaking work mapping the nation's religious landscape, has died. He was 87.

Gaustad died March 25 of natural causes at an assisted-living facility in Santa Fe, N.M., said a daughter, Susan.

"He did incredible work as kind of a geographer of American religion," said Leigh Eric Schmidt, a Harvard University professor of the history of religion in America. "He did this big atlas about what the American religious scene looked like, county by county, over a long stretch of history."

The result was a first, the "Historical Atlas of Religion in America," which provided Gaustad with a rare scholarly surprise when he completed it in 1962.

"I thought we would be a much more homogeneous country religiously," he told the Santa Fe New Mexican in 1996. "We aren't."

Gaustad — which rhymes with "ousted" — was also prominent among a handful of historians in the mid-20th century who broadened the study of religion in the United States from theological schools to a wider university setting, Schmidt said.

After he joined UC Riverside in 1965, Gaustad was instrumental in establishing the university's religious studies program, said June O'Connor, a UC Riverside professor of religious studies who worked with him.

"He was a scholar's scholar," O'Connor said. "Scholars really appreciated his work and the scope and expanse of his work and productivity."

Yet Gaustad wanted his work to speak to broader public culture, "to make the historian's voice count in public debates of church and state," Schmidt said.

Gaustad was a leading expert on America's Colonial period, especially in the areas of religious liberty, pluralism and dissent.

He wrote more than a dozen books on religious history, many of which were regarded as seminal works. They included "A Religious History of America," a popular 1966 text that was last updated, with Schmidt's help, in 2002; "Church and State in America," published in 1998; and "Roger Williams," a 2006 biography of the theologian who helped found Rhode Island and the Baptist church.

A year after Gaustad published "Sworn on the Altar of God" (2001), a religious biography of Thomas Jefferson, he testified as an expert witness in the legal case brought by the American Civil Liberties Union and other groups against an Alabama judge who refused to remove a monument of the Ten Commandments from the state courthouse.

When an attorney asked who Jefferson was referring to when he wrote that liberties are a gift from God, Gaustad said, "The God of nature," which is "the God we see around us," the Associated Press reported in 2002.

"Not the God of the Bible?" he was asked.

"Not for Jefferson," Gaustad replied.

Edwin Scott Gaustad was born Nov. 14, 1923, in Rowley, Iowa, the youngest of three sons of Sverre and Norma Gaustad. A lifelong Baptist, he grew up in Houston.

During World War II, he served in the Army Air Forces as a bombardier stationed in Italy.

He earned a bachelor's degree in history and English in 1947 from Baylor University. At Brown University, he studied under noted early American history professor Edmund S. Morgan and received his master's in 1948 and his doctorate in 1951 in the history of religion.

After teaching at Georgia's Shorter College, Gaustad was a humanities professor at the University of Redlands from 1957 to 1965 before joining UC Riverside.

A longtime resident of Redlands, he moved to Santa Fe to be near his grandchildren after retiring from UC Riverside in 1989.

He was "affable, gentle and modest," Schmidt said, and remained emphatic about the need for the separation of church and state.

"The most horrifying but most obvious" reason for it was to prevent "religious warfare — because that was true of England in the 17th century," Gaustad told the Charlotte, N.C., Observer in 1999. "Any time you put the power of the state … behind conformity and religion, you're calling for religious persecution."

"From our relaxed point of view," he said, "We say, 'Oh, that could never happen.' But the fact is it happened over and over again."

Helen, his wife of 63 years, died in 2009.

In addition to his daughter Susan of New York City, he is survived by a son, Scott, of Ukiah, Calif.; another daughter, Peggy of Santa Fe; four grandchildren; and one great-grandson.

Deceased--Thomas Eisner

Thomas Eisner
June 25th, 1929 to March 25th, 2011

"Thomas Eisner dies at 81; entomologist who studied insect chemistry"

Known as the 'father of chemical ecology,' Thomas Eisner turned his childhood fascination with insects into a pioneering career.

by

Thomas H. Maugh II

April 6th, 2011

Los Angeles Times

Thomas Eisner, who became known as the "father of chemical ecology" as a result of his pioneering studies of how insects use chemicals to mate, elude predators and capture prey, died March 25 at his home in Ithaca, N.Y. He was 81 and had Parkinson's disease.

Eisner, who spent his entire professional life at Cornell University, combined the observational skills of Charles Darwin with an inquisitiveness that caused him to look far beyond superficial characteristics. At a 2000 celebration of Eisner's career, biochemist John Law of the University of Arizona said: "Thousands of people can look at the same plant or animal and see the same thing, and there is the one person, like Tom, who comes along and sees something different."

As a child, for example, Eisner observed that the bombardier beetle emitted a chemical that stained his fingers dark brown. As an adult, he used a combination of microphotography, slow-motion film and chemical analysis to show that the beetle had separate sacs in its abdomen, one for hydrogen peroxide and one for a quinone.

When the chemicals are mixed together, they form a boiling, stinky mixture of benzoquinone that the beetle can aim at any potential predator, firing pulses of the hot poison at a rate of 300 per second. "It's a revolvable gun emplacement, so the beetle can fire accurately in any direction," he later said. "And considering that they generate their own ammunition and store everything that's needed to make that ammunition, they're pretty self-contained."

Creationists frequently pointed to Eisner's work on the bombardier beetle, noting that such an elaborate system could not have developed by evolution. Eisner refuted them, however, by demonstrating other species with less complex systems that could be recognized as evolutionary intermediates.

Other insects take advantage of what they can find around them. Eisner noticed that spiders did not eat bella moths that got trapped in their webs but instead cut them free and allowed them to escape. He showed that the larvae of the moths consume alkaloids produced by plants that are distasteful to any predator that might bite the larvae or the moth.

Female moths, moreover, find the toxins an attractive quality in a potential mate. The male passes along some of the toxin to the female, who is able to insert it in her eggs, making her larvae less tasty after their birth.

Eisner deciphered the flashing light code of female fireflies and demonstrated why that species doesn't worry about predators: They, too, don't taste good. And working with his longtime collaborator, Cornell chemist Jerrold Meinwald, he discovered that the same chemicals that made the fireflies taste foul have beneficial effects on the human heart. They also found nerve drugs in millipedes, cockroach repellents in an endangered mint plant and a shark repellent in a marine mollusk.

In other studies, they found that the whip scorpion fends off its enemies with a spray of concentrated acid formulated to penetrate the predator's skin; that some millipedes gas their enemies with deadly hydrogen cyanide that the millipedes store in an inert form and release when attacked; and that aquatic beetles emit a potent repellent when caught by fish, causing the predators to spit them out.

Thomas Eisner was born June 25, 1929, in Berlin. His father, a pharmaceutical chemist, was Jewish and the family fled the Nazis in 1933, moving to Spain. But their sojourn there was interrupted by the Spanish Civil War and they moved again, first to Paris and then to Uruguay.

In 1947, the family relocated once more, to New York City. Eisner enrolled in Champlain College in Plattsburgh, N.Y., and transferred to Harvard University two years later, earning his bachelor's degree in 1951. It was during his senior year at Harvard, while taking an entomology course, that he discovered he could translate his childhood fascination with insects into a career. He studied entomology at Harvard, earning his doctorate in 1955.

Ironically, he had applied to Cornell as an undergraduate but was not admitted. He proudly kept the framed rejection letter on display in his Cornell office.

He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1952, the same year he married Maria Lobell, who eventually became an electron microscopist who collaborated with him in his research.

Eisner was a talented pianist who considered a career as a professional musician until his teacher told him he wasn't good enough. He would often sit at an upright piano in his laboratory and play while he thought.

He was also a talented photographer and artist; his film "Secret Weapons" won the Grand Award of the New York Film Festival.

Later in his career, hobbled by his disease, he made artworks using a color photocopier to assemble collages of flowers, plants and insects into pictures of striking beauty.

Among other honors, he was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1994 and the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement in 1990.

Besides his wife, Maria, Eisner is survived by three daughters; a sister; and six grandchildren.

Monday, April 4, 2011

Cash for Egyptian meteorites


"Black-Market Trinkets From Space"

by

William J. Broad

April 4th, 2011

The New York Times

Ebay and other Web sites pulse with hundreds of sales pitches. “The pieces below have an exceptional patina,” a site called Star-bits.com said of 10 pictured fragments.

The ads are for chunks of meteorites, bits of asteroids that have fallen from the sky and are as prized by scientists as they are by collectors. As more meteorites have been discovered in recent years, interest in them has flourished and an illegal sales market has boomed — much to the dismay of the people who want to study them and the countries that consider them national treasures.

“It’s a black market,” said Ralph P. Harvey, a geologist at Case Western Reserve University who directs the federal search for meteorites in Antarctica. “It’s as organized as any drug trade and just as illegal.”

The discovery of a rich and historically significant meteorite crater in southern Egypt, just north of the Sudanese border, has shown the voracious appetite for new fragments. Just as scientists appeared to be on the cusp of decrypting the evidence to solve an ancient puzzle, looters plundered the desolate site, and the political chaos in Egypt seems to ensure that the scientists will not be going back anytime soon.

The mystery began thousands of years ago with Egyptian hieroglyphs, which refer to the “iron of heaven.” Archaeologists have long debated whether the Egyptians made artifacts from iron meteorites that fell to Earth in fiery upheavals. The main evidence came from ancient knife blades of iron that had high concentrations of nickel — a rare element in the Earth’s crust that was considered a signature of extraterrestrial origin.

But doubts grew as investigators found terrestrial sites rich in nickel that ancient peoples could have mined. And scientists in Egypt never found an impact crater and a nearby lode of meteorites.

Then in June 2008, Vincenzo de Michele, an Italian mineralogist and former curator at the Natural History Museum of Milan who had explored the Egyptian desert for nearly two decades, was scanning the area on Google Earth when he saw something unusual.

He told Mario Di Martino of the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics in Turin, and together they formed an expedition that surveyed the site in February 2009. To their delight, the desolate area bristled with iron meteorites — more than 5,000 of them — and they named the crater Gebel Kamil, after a nearby mountain.

The team members signed a note of discovery and put it in a bottle at the crater’s bottom. The find was a first. It was the only meteorite crater ever discovered in Egypt — its mouth 15o feet wide — and the team vowed to keep it confidential as long as possible.

But a return expedition in February 2010, found that the bottle had disappeared. The secret was out.

A few months later, in June, meteorites from the crater were for sale at a show in Ensisheim, France. In a review, the International Meteorite Collectors Association called them arguably the world’s “most fascinating new iron find.” The Egyptian rocks, it added, “received a lot of attention.”

Popular or not, the meteorites were taboo. In Egypt and elsewhere, scientists say, it is illegal without a permit to remove meteorites from a country.

Yet scavengers have disseminated them widely: on Star-bits.com, one of many sites that sell a variety of meteorites, the 10 fragments with rich patinas are said to be from Gebel Kamil. The costliest of the 10 — a two-pound rock, just large enough to cover the fingers of a man’s hand — is priced at $1,600.

Eric Olson of Star-bits defended the marketing as legitimate and beyond Egyptian law. “I didn’t buy them from the Egyptians,” he said in an interview. “I bought them second- and thirdhand.”

The scientists say they have relatively few samples compared with the booming illicit sales.

“We have at our disposal a very limited number of specimens to study and exhibit,” said Dr. Di Martino. He and other members of the Gebel Kamil crater discovery team, he added, don’t have the money to buy them on the flourishing black market.

Dr. Harvey of Case Western Reserve said the quandary applied to the scientific community as a whole. The rampant looting of meteorite sites and skyrocketing prices for the fragments, he said, “dramatically reduce who can get samples to do the research.”

The black market has exploded in size mainly because of a rush of new meteorites arriving from North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Starting in the late 1980s and 1990s, explorers and nomads discovered that dark-colored meteorites stood out against flat, featureless areas covered by sand and small pebbles. And dry desert air helped preserve the rocks from space.

The pace of collecting began to soar after explorers scrutinizing the sands of Libya discovered a number of meteorites from the Moon and Mars. These rare types formed during cosmic smashups, eventually fell to Earth and fetched high prices.

The collectors association, founded in 2004 in Nevada, now has hundreds of members around the globe. And while some traders deal in legitimate exports, many do not.

One buyer expressed remorse after reading about scientific angst over the thriving market. “I’m very ashamed,” the buyer wrote on a blog. “I’m surely a part of the problem.”

Still, many collectors defend the hobby as advantageous for scientists, saying the market is producing many discoveries and creating many opportunities. Amateurs often turn to experts for analysis and authentication and, in return, share the extraterrestrial haul.

“The scientists do not have time to go hunt for their own meteorites, so somebody has to do it for them,” said Anne M. Black, president of the collectors association. “It’s common sense.”

Even some scientists applaud the new market.

“I see it as a good thing on balance,” said Carl B. Agee, director of the Institute of Meteoritics at the University of New Mexico. “It’s beneficial mainly because of the huge diversity of meteorites not previously known about and not accessible.”

At stake for science in the rush for meteorites are secrets of the cosmic bombardment, the development of the solar system and possible clues to the existence of extraterrestrial life. Last month, scientists hotly debated whether a new meteorite study produced convincing evidence of microscopic aliens.

As for the Gebel Kamil crater, Dr. Di Martino said it was futile to try to save its otherworldly riches from the looters.

“Considering the social, political and geographic situation there,” he said of the remote corner of southwestern Egypt, “it will be completely useless to protect the area” — unless the authorities put in “a permanent garrison of marines and/or a minefield.”

He and the team of scientific explorers are still eager to revisit the site, mainly to better date the crater. But they worry that the political chaos in Egypt may further endanger their find.

The turmoil has already resulted in the delay and possible cancellation of a new expedition to the Kamil crater and raised doubts about the security of a collection of the meteorites in Cairo.

With the secret out, the scientific team announced its discovery in July 2010 and detailed its findings in the February issue of Geology.

There, the team hailed the discovery as a potential link to the “iron of heaven” and estimated the impact site as less than 5,000 years old.

Luigi Folco, the expedition leader and meteorite curator at the University of Siena, said in an interview that if the age estimate is correct, “ancient Egyptians living along the Nile could have seen this major event.” The craggy rock from space is said to have exploded with the blinding flash of an enormous bomb.

Dr. Di Martino said the allure for amateurs was not the advance of history but the pleasure of owning the latest find.

“Being a new meteorite,” he said, “the collectors like to have a piece of it.”

Trash to treasure...a rare clay tablet


"Ancient tablet bears writing, to scientists' surprise"

A 2-inch-by-3-inch clay tablet is older than expected — dating to 3,350 years ago — and is found at a site in Greece where researchers did not expect to find writing.

by

Thomas H. Maugh II

April 2nd, 2011

Los Angeles Times

Archaeologists have found a clay tablet bearing the earliest known writing in Europe, a 3,350-year-old specimen, which makes it at least 150 years older than other known tablets from the region.

Found in one of the palaces linked to Greece's King Nestor of Trojan War fame, the tablet not only is older than expected, but also appears at a site, called Iklaina, where researchers did not expect to find writing, said its discoverer, Michael Cosmopoulos of the University of Missouri-St. Louis.

The tablet, fortuitously preserved when someone discarded it in a trash pit and burned it, was part of the state's formal record-keeping process, and its discovery sheds light on early state formation, Cosmopoulos said.

Archaeologists "had grown more and more comfortable" with the idea that writing was limited to the major ruling centers of the time and was not to be found at secondary sites such as Iklaina, which was the equivalent of a district capital, said archaeologist Thomas Palaima of the University of Texas at Austin, who was not involved in the research.

"It was a great surprise and a welcome surprise" to find writing at a secondary center, he said.

Iklaina, which dates to the Mycenaean period of 1500 BC to 1100 BC, sits at the southwestern corner of Greece. It was an independent state until about 1400 BC, when it was conquered by King Nestor, who incorporated it into his kingdom, which he ruled from the nearby city of Pylos. Overall, 16 states were brought under his rule.

Only one of them, Nichoria, has been previously studied, and no tablets were found there.

Cosmopoulos has been excavating at Iklaina for 11 years. Among other things, he has found evidence of a Mycenaean palace with elaborate architecture, colorful murals and a drainage system with clay pipes that was far ahead of its time. The architecture included what are known as Cyclopean walls, which are constructed of crude limestone boulders fitted roughly together, with smaller chunks placed between them.

Cosmopoulos did not expect to find tablets because they were not meant to survive. "They were never meant to last for more than a year," he said. "Then they were recycled." The tablets were allowed to dry in the sun, which made them very brittle. But the tablet they found had been accidentally broken and thrown in a garbage pit, then burned, which fired the clay, preserving it.

The tablet measures 2 inches by 3 inches and has writing on both sides in the Linear B system, which is older than the alphabet. It consists of about 87 signs and was used primarily for keeping track of property. On the front of the tablet is a verb that relates to some sort of manufacturing. On the back are what appear to be men's names alongside numbers.

The presence of the tablet at Iklaina, Palaima said, suggests two possibilities. It may indicate that Iklaina was once a major center of its own and had the potential to become a dominant center until it was crushed and absorbed by Pylos.

But it could also be that, even after Iklaina became part of Nestor's kingdom, it was allowed to retain a significant amount of administrative freedom. That would be surprising, Palaima said, because most historians believe that virtually all record-keeping was centralized in the major centers. If the city was allowed to retain record-keeping, it would suggest that Pylos maintained a benevolent rule over its domain.

The findings will be published this month in the Proceedings of the Athens Archaeological Society.

Chaplain's challenge


Capt. Kurt Bishop is not an evil person and harmed no one except himself.

"Did a chaplain's fake Purple Heart erase good deeds?"

National Guard Capt. Kurt Bishop was a respected chaplain. But store-bought military decorations – including a Purple Heart – ruined his career. Do they erase his good deeds in an Afghanistan combat hospital?

by

Lee Lawrence

April 3rd, 2011

The Christian Science Monitor

As he turned in his discharge papers in 1991 after four years in the Army's 82nd Airborne, 22-year-old Specialist Kurt Bishop decided he was going to change his life. Growing up, he had always hovered at the periphery of groups – not quite an outcast, but never at the center. His father was a retired fighter pilot; his brother flew helicopters for the National Guard, and though they never showed him anything but love, he was well aware that even during his nine-month deployment during Desert Storm, he had worked at a desk, not in a cockpit. He was the guy infantry soldiers teasingly call a POG – Position Other than Grunt.

So on that afternoon in 1991, he walked into a uniform store and bought four ribbons – color-coded insignia that signify military honors and medals. Mr. Bishop knew that a chestful of decorations made people go, "Wow!"

The ones he bought included a Purple Heart, awarded to those wounded or killed serving the country, and a Bronze Star with a 'V' that recognizes heroism in combat. Nobody asked any questions – the sale and purchase of decorations is not illegal or monitored. He also bought seven badges that denoted advanced military training – including a Rangers patch, which marks the wearer as one of the Army's elite.

Had the former tennis jock just stashed the medals away as a sort of talisman, nobody would have gotten hurt. But, in 1996, Bishop chose to make a career in the Arizona National Guard, using them to bolster his application for officer status. Having literally heard a calling, he became a military chaplain, serving in Afghanistan where he took on extra duties at a field hospital and built a reputation for relieving tension with humor and personal accessibility.

Bishop's is a morality tale of the destructive power of lies – they have killed his career and wiped out his family's financial security. Casting a pall over 20 years of service to his country, the lies have even thrown into question the good he did as a chaplain: If the man counseling troubled troops was living a lie, does this negate the comfort and aid he offered?

•••

It was in the tense moments after a rocket attack that the Monitor first met Bishop in April 2007 at Forward Operating Base (FOB) Salerno in southeastern Afghanistan. The first lieutenant appeared, round-faced and smiling, at the mouth of a bunker full of soldiers and contractors. He was stopping in on his way to the hospital, where he went after every attack in case there were casualties.

Bishop did his job as a chaplain "better than most," hospital commander Lt. Col. Richard Phillips said at the time. "He's part of the team," meaning Bishop was right there in the fray – handing nurses bandages, gathering bloodied swabs, counseling a frazzled tech – not sitting in his office waiting for people to come to him.

"It's hard for Christians sometimes not to judge other people and not to think 'you're too profane, too unrepentant, too unsaved for me to reach out," Phillips said. "With Bishop, it's like 'I'm here, I am who I am, I'm not going to pretend to be something different and I'm not going to expect you to be something different.' "

But Bishop was not living up to that bargain.

Asked what he'd done during his active tour of duty, he told the Monitor he was a combat engineer, "doing all those crazy things – blowing things up." And when another soldier made a big deal about Bishop's Ranger status, the chaplain played the part: "I was joking with my battalion executive officer," he said, "and we were laughing at changes since we had gone through [Ranger school]. We all came to the conclusion that if this were something you had to requalify for every year, there would be a 99 percent failure rate."

US Army Chaplain Scott Kennaugh, who overlapped with Bishop in Salerno for about a year, remembers hearing a lot about Ranger School. In a recent conversation from his current deployment in Germany, Kennaugh recalled his concerns about Bishop's immaturity: "People give us a certain amount of respect and credibility right off the bat just because we're chaplains. Some chaplains come in and feel like they have to prove themselves beyond that to the combat arms guys, whether it's through prior service or education. I guess that's what kind of came across to me with Kurt – that he was not content or not comfortable with the credibility he should have had just as the chaplain."

"They always want to be more than they are," says Mary Schantag, one of a handful of watchdogs devoted to unmasking the thousands of people falsely claiming military service or decorations.

Among the most galling is the falsification of a Purple Heart. "When you join the military," explains B.G. Burkett, author of "Stolen Valor: How the Vietnam Generation Was Robbed of Its Heroes and Its History," "you effectively turn your life over to America; you have begun the trip into the Valley of Death."

Medals have special currency in the military, explains Mr. Burkett: "They don't give you stock options or million-dollar bonuses. You get minimal pay, and the only true accolades you get are campaign medals; or if you did something mildly heroic, you get a Bronze Star."

In the civilian world, too, military honors carry weight. As Burkett says, "The second you say you're a highly decorated veteran, they don't just think you're brave. You're trustworthy, you're patriotic, you're loyal, you're reliable...."

To stanch such lies, the Stolen Valor Act (SVA), enacted in 2006, broadened the existing law criminalizing the wearing of unearned decorations to apply also to people falsely claiming honors "verbally or in writing." SVA proponents say such claims are often the tip of the iceberg – uncover them and you discover fraud. SVA critics, however, complain that the law now curtails constitutionally protected free speech, making prosecutors leery of invoking it.

All agree, though, that fakers often conform to patterns. Burkett, who has investigated some 3,000 suspected fakes over the past 25 years, says that, like addicts seeking a new high, most keep adding awards and distinctions. Here Bishop fits the mold. But when it comes to a pattern Ms. Schantag has detected, Bishop is an outlier. Many use the lie to defraud the Veterans Administration or pick up women, and "most, when confronted," Schantag says, "continue to lie. Typically they move to another community and start again."

•••

"I need to tell you something – you're not going to like it," Bishop told his wife the evening of Nov. 30, 2009. He had been back from Afghanistan almost two years, living in Phoenix and working for the Arizona National Guard.

That afternoon, the Judge Advocate General had called Bishop to his office. The unit's new commanding officer, he told the chaplain, had reviewed his bio and suspected Bishop of having lied repeatedly.

"I said, 'Yes, I did these things,' " Bishop recalls confessing, and the National Guard confirms that Bishop from the start collaborated with the investigation. "I felt relief, followed by shame and sheer terror. How am I going to tell my wife?"

After putting their son to bed, Bishop came clean. He told her he had been wearing unauthorized decorations and lying about military training. He told her he had doctored his records to cover his tracks. He told her he had subsequently claimed even more honors and training on official forms, which he then signed, perjuring himself.

Joan Bishop recalls feeling the world cave in. That night she kept shaking him awake: Had he really been in Desert Storm? What else wasn't true? A former nurse, she is down to earth and without artifice.

"I had been lied to," she says, and though she believed Kurt to be fundamentally good, "we had to rebuild that trust."

Over the coming days and weeks, Bishop confessed to his brother, his father, his sister and brother-in-law, some close friends, and some National Guard chaplains. The hardest was telling his 9-year-old son, he says: "There's no worse feeling in the world than seeing the hero you were to your child die – I could see the change in his eyes."

Dismissed from the National Guard with an "other than honorable" discharge in March 2010, Bishop then faced charges in a civilian court. The man who had shepherded troops when they failed drug tests and had helped hospital personnel digest the horrors of combat found himself last April standing at the edge of his own precipice. Indicted in federal court, he faced charges that could carry a punishment of up to 20 years in prison and $250,000 in fines. The indictment charged that he had not only fraudulently claimed some 15 honors on federal forms and worn "dozens" of unearned decorations, but that he had used these to gain promotions and higher pay. Because Bishop's salary, processed by an Indiana-based Department of Defense payroll agency, crossed state lines to reach Bishop's bank in Arizona, the prosecution also charged him with wire fraud. The statute of limitations precluded any charges on doctoring his personnel file.

In August, Bishop pleaded guilty to one felony and one misdemeanor, and the prosecution dropped the wire fraud charges and all charges connected to the SVA. In November, Bishop was sentenced to five years probation, 120 hours of community service, and restitution of $29,608 calculated on the increased compensation that he earned over time after being promoted. (Bishop, say those familiar with military procedures, would not have needed the honors he falsely claimed in order to rise to the rank of captain, but they probably cast him in an especially favorable light.)

Having reviewed Bishop's finances, the court waived the fine.

•••

A couple of months before sentencing, in a living room stripped of photographs showing Bishop in uniform, the couple sat together on the couch for a Monitor interview. He realized, he said, that he had not been a good steward of what God had given him and that, having resisted divine urging over the years, God was telling him, "You weren't getting things straightened out, so now this needs to happen to get it fixed."

As the Bishops spoke about the emotional and financial stress the process entailed, there was a revealing moment when the camera came out. Bishop instinctively reached up to remove his glasses. When his wife asked him why, he looked like an overeager kid and said something about glasses creating a reflection. Mrs. Bishop gave him a "knock it off; be yourself" look. His expression sobered. The glasses stayed in place.

Months later, Bishop admits that he has to remind himself every day that there will be "situations where I could easily embellish or give myself more credit" and "just like others when they're fighting their battles, [I have] to say 'No, I'm not going to do that.' " He has a written reminder in his wallet and stuck on his computer: "Consciously decide to live the way God wants me to live."

•••

In their straitened circumstances, and handicapped by his felony record, Bishop looks for professional job openings while paying the bills with a patchwork of part-time jobs: teaching tennis, cleaning offices at night, doing Costco road shows. Joan, whose nursing license has expired, assists the librarian in a nearby public school.

Bishop is also in counseling with a therapist and with his pastor, and as of last month has begun paying restitution, $250 at a time.

In every conversation, Bishop brings up the chaplaincy – are there now commanders, he worries, who mistrust chaplains, "who say, 'Is he like that guy in Arizona?' Have I compromised a chaplain's ministry in a combat zone?

"That tears me up," he adds, just as when two chaplains said they could not separate Bishop's deception from their evaluation of him as a chaplain. "If that's what they use to measure my effectiveness," he says, "then I wasn't a very good chaplain."

Yet in the hospital of FOB Salerno, it was clear that a good chaplain was precisely what Bishop strove to be. No sooner would the camp's loudspeaker announce incoming patients than Bishop would hurry to the field hospital.

On an April afternoon in 2007, medics were rushing in Afghan soldiers hit by an IED – but for one, it was too late. Bishop helped the hospital team wrap the corpse according to Muslim custom, then read a Muslim rite over the body.

Later, he admitted that he wasn't sure his religious endorser, the Evangelical Church Alliance, which had the power to yank military chaplain credentials, would approve of his saying a non-Christian prayer – but he felt it was the right thing to do.

Significantly, Bishop did not lie about his ministerial and chaplain credentials. He did not even try to embellish them. Asked in 2007 whether he had clinical pastoral training, he said no, though "it would help in some regards." And the master's degree he said he earned from Luther Rice Seminary in Atlanta, in 2006, checks out.

Still, this was not enough to insulate his chaplaincy work from the lies about his service. Phillips today feels "violated."

"After I earned my Purple Heart," Phillips says, "we had this heart-to-heart discussion about what it feels like and how it sets you apart – obviously everything [Bishop] was saying was a complete fabrication.... There's no apology that would be sufficient."

The chaplaincy itself has also been "bruised," says Jack Williamson, retired Air Force chaplain and executive director of the National Conference on Ministry to the Armed Forces. Trust is central to the chaplain's job, and "most commanders that have problem chaplains get distrustful of chaplains in general," he says. "That's where the bruising and damage comes."

In the end, Bishop hurt that which he most valued – family, chaplaincy, military.

There is something tragic when a person's worst act is seen as his most defining one, especially if, as New York City psychotherapist Alan Bernstein speculates when presented with the facts of the case, Bishop perhaps strove to make real "his fiction of himself as a 'hero' by becoming a spiritual resource" for soldiers he admired.

And if that is the case, does the shadow side of a person prevent any light from shining through? For retired Sgt. 1st Class Kevin Cox the answer is clear. Though never a close friend, he worked as Bishop's chaplain assistant during their 22-month deployment in Afghanistan and knew him through the National Guard at home.

Mr. Cox is convinced Bishop reveled in the attention the rows of ribbons brought him: "On the other hand, there is no doubt that he had the heart to help soldiers. And you know what? I'll take a chaplain Bishop any day over a chaplain who won't leave his office."

For Phillips, the answer is murkier. Speaking from Afghanistan, where he is once again deployed, he reiterates: "[F]rom what I saw, everything Bishop did in the hospital, he did well. I can't say [his deception] undoes the good that he did, but it taints everything."