Adam Cohen on medical journals and National Security

"Are Medical Journals a Threat to National Security?"

Scientists are butting heads with the government over whether scientific openness trumps national security

by

Adam Cohen

December 27th, 2011

Time

Bird flu is deadly, but it generally does not spread easily from human to human. Now, scientists in Wisconsin and the Netherlands have created a strain of bird flu that can spread through the air — a virus that could kill millions if terrorists managed to create a batch and weaponize it. This raises a thorny question: Should medical journals be allowed to print the details of how the virus is made?

A government advisory board has urged two scientific journals to omit some of the specifics about the virus — the first time it has issued such a request. Supporters insist that the board’s request is a much-needed precaution that could save millions of lives. But critics say that the government is engaging in censorship and interfering with academic freedom.

It is a classic clash of liberty versus security. The question is such a difficult one because whichever course the government takes carries risks and costs. Which option — blocking publication or allowing it — is the lesser of two evils?

It is not hard to see why the government is seeking to keep details of the virus out of print. The H5N1 bird-flu virus rarely infects humans. But when it does cross the species barrier, the mortality rate can be as high as 60%. If terrorists were able to use the new research to make a contagious strain of the virus, the result could be a real-world version of the movie Contagion. That is: worldwide panic and mass deaths.

The government is trying to avoid this by urging scientific journals to describe the virus only in general terms and keep out the sort of details that could be used to replicate it. The National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity, which was created after the deadly anthrax attacks of 2001, asked the journals Science and Nature to be selective when they published articles on the highly contagious strain of H5N1.

So what’s the problem? Critics say the government is engaging in censorship by telling the media what it should and should not write about. It sets a terrible precedent, they argue, for the government to set itself up as a national-security censor. The next time, they say, the government will try to prevent the publication of information that is far less dangerous than contagious bird flu.

Press-freedom watchdogs have a point: the government often trots out national security to try to intimidate the press into not doing its job. A few years back, the New York Times was about to expose the NSA spying program, in which the government was intercepting emails and phone calls without getting court orders. President George W. Bush called the paper’s top brass down to the White House and warned them that exposing the program would compromise national security. The Times went ahead and published — and we are all still here.

The skeptics raise another important concern: the long tradition of scientific openness. Research science works by having experiments reported publicly, so other scientists can test the findings — and build on them with their own research. This tradition breaks down when the government puts a shroud of secrecy on some research.

The editor of Science has suggested that his journal might agree to withhold the information the advisory board is worried about — provided that the government creates a system that would allow legitimate scientists to access the full results.

That sounds like the right answer. We should be wary of government attempts to stop the media from publishing information. But in extreme cases, it may be necessary — and weaponizable highly contagious bird flu could be just such a case.

What factors should we be looking for in considering whether the government should try to stop publication? First, the threat of harm should be real and it should be truly extraordinary. That is a test the contagious strain of H5N1 seems to meet. Second, it should be clear that the government has no ulterior motives — that it is acting to protect the nation, not to advance a political agenda.

That can be a tough thing to evaluate — governments that use national-security arguments for political goals are quick to deny that they are doing so. The best check on this sort of politicization is making sure that anyone who feels pressure from the government not to publish or speak is able to challenge the policy in court. Judges are in the best position to balance risks of serious harm against the infringement on speech — and to determine whether the government is crossing any First Amendment lines.

Those who oppose the Scientific Advisory Board’s decision are right that we must be wary whenever the government tries to suppress speech. As Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart said, censorship is “the hallmark of an authoritarian regime.” But the board’s defenders are right that ultimately the government has a duty to protect the public from the most serious threats. They can cite Supreme Court Justice Robert Jackson, who noted that the Constitution is not a suicide pact.

[Cohen, the author of Nothing to Fear, teaches at Yale Law School. The views expressed are his own.]

Scan those "cubetainers" for radioactivity.

Oak Ridge Associated Universities

At last a methodology to scan incoming cubetainers for radioactive materials...technological fallout from sound science.

"NASA Gamma-Ray Detector Finds Homeland Security Uses"

Lori Keesey

June 16th, 2008

NASA Tech Briefs

Detecting gamma-ray bursts from space is really no different than finding and intercepting nuclear material illegally stowed inside shipping containers or even trains — at least that’s the view of the Principal Investigator who created the Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) that has detected hundreds of gamma-ray bursts from all directions in the sky.

To prove his point, Principal Investigator Scott Barthelmy of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., received Department of Energy funding to cobble together a prototype system using leftover components from the BAT-development effort. Although his prototype would have to be smaller and more mobile to operate as a counter-terrorism tool, the same principles are at play, he said. He hopes to make the case and win Department of Homeland Security (DHS) funding to build a second-generation detection system equipped with even more capable detectors now being developed under Goddard’s Internal Research and Development (IRAD) program.

The instrument that inspired the potential spin-off application is now flying aboard NASA’s Swift mission, which as its name implies, swiftly detects gamma-ray bursts and then targets itself toward the event in about one minute to make detailed observations. Gamma-ray bursts are the most powerful explosions in the universe — second only to the Big Bang in terms of total energy output. They occur randomly about once per day, lasting only a few milliseconds to tens of milliseconds in duration.

Scientists believe these split-second flashes of gamma-ray light signal the collision of a black hole and a neutron star or the collision of two neutron stars that then create a black hole. Hypernova, the explosion of massive stars, also are believed to cause the bursts.

First Line of Defense

BAT is the instrument that detects and locates the burst. Developed with Goddard R&D funding several years ago, BAT carries out its job using a technique called a "coded aperture mask" that creates a gamma-ray shadow on its 32,768-pixel, cadmium-zinc-telluride (CZT) detector plane. The mask itself contains 52,000 randomly placed lead tiles that block some gamma rays from reaching the detectors. With each burst, some of the CZT detectors light up while others remain dark, shaded by the lead tiles. The angle of the shadow points to the direction of the gamma-ray burst.

The same instrument concept is ideal for homeland security, Barthelmy said. "We’ve already produced an instrument that has a 100-degree field of view and can pinpoint the location of a gamma-ray source," Barthelmy said. "It's what you would need to find and intercept nuclear material stowed inside shipping containers and trains."

A new generation of CZT detectors and electronics, which Barthelmy is developing under current IRAD funding for possible use on NASA's proposed Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey Telescope (EXIST), would further improve the prototype. "They really need the ability to distinguish legitimate sources," he said. The new CZT technology would do just that. It could distinguish isotopes and determine whether the detected nuclear material was medical in nature or posed a national security threat, he said.

The next step, he said, is winning DHS funding and developing a second-generation prototype using the EXIST detectors. "We really want to move into the second stage."