Zoetrope anniversary

In 1867, the Zoetrope was patented by William E. Lincoln of Providence, R.I. (No. 64,117). The device was the first animated picture machine. It provided an animation sequence of pictures lining the inside wall of a shallow cylinder, with vertical slits between the images. By spinning the cylinder and looking through the slits, a repeating loop of a moving image could be viewed.

Persistence of vision

And. today marks another anniversary...

In 1896, the first movie shown to a paying theatre audience in the U.S. was presented using Thomas Edison's Vitascope. The movie had a series of short scenes, and were part of a program with other acts at Koster and Bial's Music Hall, 34th St, New York City. Included in the film shorts were a ballet scene, a burlesque boxing match, waves on a sea shore, and a comic allegory The Monroe Doctrine, all of which were projected at about half life size.

Vitascope

Louis Jean Lumiere and film projection

Auguste and Louis Lumière

Louis Jean Lumiere
October 5th, 1864 to June 6th, 1948

Louis Jean Lumiere was a French inventor, who worked with his brother Auguste, to make pioneering motion-picture equipment. Louis invented the 25-lb "Cinématographe" twin-function projector and camera, which improved on Edison's Kinetoscope by adding a intermittent film motion mechanism (based on the sewing machine). On 13 Feb 1895, they jointly patented the device (as was their custom). It was first demonstrated to an invited audience on 22 Mar 1895, showing their first film to an invited audience who viewed La Sortie des ouvriers de l'usine Lumière showing workers leaving the Lumière factory. The hugely successful first public screening on 28 Dec 1895 of their films in Paris was the "birth" of the cinema.

La Sortie des ouvriers de l'usine Lumière

by

Lumière brothers

1895

Persistence of vision

Zoetrope anniversary

Persistence of vision

It is strange how the brain can perceive a series of still images and translate them into motion. It is called "the persistence of vision" and explained by Michael McKinney:

Our eyes are one of the five specialized ways our mind uses to form a picture of world. The eye is a remarkable instrument that has certain characteristics that help us to process the light we see in such a way that our minds can create meaning from it.

The motion picture, the scanning of an image for television, and the sequential reproduction of the flickering visual images they produce, work in part, because of an optical phenomena called the persistence of vision and its psychological partner, the phi phenomenon—the mental bridge that the mind forms to conceptually complete the gaps between the frames or pictures. Persistence of vision also plays a role in keeping the world from going pitch black every time we blink our eyes.

Whenever light strikes the retina, the brain retains the impression of that light for about a tenth of a second—depending on the brightness of the image—after the source of that light is removed from the eye. This is due to a prolonged chemical reaction. As a result, the eye cannot clearly distinguish fast changes in light that occur faster than this retention period. The changes either go unnoticed or they appear to be one continuous picture to the human observer. This fundamental fact of the way we see has been used to our advantage.

When we go to the movies, we know that a motion picture creates an illusion of a constantly lit screen by flashing separate, individual photographs in rapid succession. Even though the movie screen appears to be constantly lit, it is in fact dark about half the time. This flickering image on the screen gave rise to the old term “flicks” in the early days of movies. Today’s motion pictures flash a picture on the screen at flicker-free 24 frames per second.

How You See It

1936

Finally, make a zoetrope yourself:

George Eggers Page

Ruth Hayes Page

BBC

EASTMAN HOUSE

INSTRUCTABLES